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Journal article
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Bethe–Heitler Cascades and Hard Gamma-Ray Spectra in Flaring TeV Blazars: 1ES 0414009 and 1ES 1959650
Creators
- 1. Unidade Acadêmica de Física, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UAF-UFCG), R. Aprígio Veloso, 882, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil
- 2. Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo (IFUSP), R. do Matão, 1371, São Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil
- 3. University of São Paulo
- 4. Programa de póS-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid Km 380, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
- 5. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física e Astronomia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Av. Sete de Setembro, 3165, Curitiba 80230-901, PR, Brazil
- 6. Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- 7. Departamento de Engenharias e Exatas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Rua Pioneiro, Palotina 85950-000, PR, Brazil
- 8. Federal University of Paraná
- 9. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física Aplicada, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Av. Tarquínio Joslin dos Santos, 1000, Foz do Iguaçu 85867-670, PR, Brazil
- 10. Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Núcleo de Astrofísica e Cosmologia (Cosmo-Ufes), Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Vitória 29075-910, ES, Brazil
Description
In this work, we present updated models of the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for two high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects (HBLs), that is, 1ES 0414+009 and 1ES 1959+650. The hard gamma-ray spectra observed during their flaring states suggest the presence of an additional emission component beyond the standard synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) scenario. We explore the possibility that this hard gamma-ray emission arises from inverse Compton (IC) scattering by Bethe–Heitler pairs produced along the line of sight, pointing to a more complex high-energy emission mechanism in these sources.
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Journal article
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DOI
10.3390/universe11060177
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Funding
Financial Support
FAPESP — Grant: 2021/01089-1
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FAPESP — Grant: 2024/02267-9
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FAPESP — Grant: 2024/14769-9
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FAPESP — Grant: 403337/2024-0
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FAPESP — Grant: 153839/2024-4
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FAPESP — Grant: 200164/2025-2
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FAPESP — Grant: 88881.800216/2022-01
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FAPESP — Grant: 307750/2017-5
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FAPESP — Grant: 401634/2018-3/AWS
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FAPESP — Grant: 698/2022
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FAPESP — Grant: 721/2022
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CNPq — Grant: 2021/01089-1
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CNPq — Grant: 2024/02267-9
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CNPq — Grant: 2024/14769-9
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CNPq — Grant: 403337/2024-0
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CNPq — Grant: 153839/2024-4
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CNPq — Grant: 200164/2025-2
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CNPq — Grant: 88881.800216/2022-01
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CNPq — Grant: 307750/2017-5
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CNPq — Grant: 401634/2018-3/AWS
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CNPq — Grant: 698/2022
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CNPq — Grant: 721/2022
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NAPI "Fenômenos Extremos do Universo" of Fundação de Apoio à Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação do Paraná — Grant: 2021/01089-1
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NAPI "Fenômenos Extremos do Universo" of Fundação de Apoio à Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação do Paraná — Grant: 2024/02267-9
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NAPI "Fenômenos Extremos do Universo" of Fundação de Apoio à Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação do Paraná — Grant: 2024/14769-9
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NAPI "Fenômenos Extremos do Universo" of Fundação de Apoio à Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação do Paraná — Grant: 403337/2024-0
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NAPI "Fenômenos Extremos do Universo" of Fundação de Apoio à Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação do Paraná — Grant: 153839/2024-4
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NAPI "Fenômenos Extremos do Universo" of Fundação de Apoio à Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação do Paraná — Grant: 200164/2025-2
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NAPI "Fenômenos Extremos do Universo" of Fundação de Apoio à Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação do Paraná — Grant: 88881.800216/2022-01
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NAPI "Fenômenos Extremos do Universo" of Fundação de Apoio à Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação do Paraná — Grant: 307750/2017-5
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NAPI "Fenômenos Extremos do Universo" of Fundação de Apoio à Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação do Paraná — Grant: 401634/2018-3/AWS
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NAPI "Fenômenos Extremos do Universo" of Fundação de Apoio à Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação do Paraná — Grant: 698/2022
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NAPI "Fenômenos Extremos do Universo" of Fundação de Apoio à Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação do Paraná — Grant: 721/2022
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CAPES/Alexander von Humboldt Program — Grant: 2021/01089-1
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CAPES/Alexander von Humboldt Program — Grant: 2024/02267-9
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CAPES/Alexander von Humboldt Program — Grant: 2024/14769-9
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CAPES/Alexander von Humboldt Program — Grant: 403337/2024-0
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CAPES/Alexander von Humboldt Program — Grant: 153839/2024-4
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CAPES/Alexander von Humboldt Program — Grant: 200164/2025-2
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CAPES/Alexander von Humboldt Program — Grant: 88881.800216/2022-01
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CAPES/Alexander von Humboldt Program — Grant: 307750/2017-5
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CAPES/Alexander von Humboldt Program — Grant: 401634/2018-3/AWS
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CAPES/Alexander von Humboldt Program — Grant: 698/2022
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CAPES/Alexander von Humboldt Program — Grant: 721/2022
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) — Grant: 2021/01089-1
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) — Grant: 2024/02267-9
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) — Grant: 2024/14769-9
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) — Grant: 403337/2024-0
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) — Grant: 153839/2024-4
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) — Grant: 200164/2025-2
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) — Grant: 88881.800216/2022-01
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) — Grant: 307750/2017-5
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) — Grant: 401634/2018-3/AWS
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) — Grant: 698/2022
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) — Grant: 721/2022
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Araucária Foundation — Grant: 2021/01089-1
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Araucária Foundation — Grant: 2024/02267-9
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Araucária Foundation — Grant: 2024/14769-9
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Araucária Foundation — Grant: 403337/2024-0
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Araucária Foundation — Grant: 153839/2024-4
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Araucária Foundation — Grant: 200164/2025-2
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Araucária Foundation — Grant: 88881.800216/2022-01
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Araucária Foundation — Grant: 307750/2017-5
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Araucária Foundation — Grant: 401634/2018-3/AWS
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Araucária Foundation — Grant: 698/2022
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Araucária Foundation — Grant: 721/2022
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L'Oreal Brazil for the support, with the partnership of ABC and UNESCO in Brazil — Grant: 2021/01089-1
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L'Oreal Brazil for the support, with the partnership of ABC and UNESCO in Brazil — Grant: 2024/02267-9
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L'Oreal Brazil for the support, with the partnership of ABC and UNESCO in Brazil — Grant: 2024/14769-9
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L'Oreal Brazil for the support, with the partnership of ABC and UNESCO in Brazil — Grant: 403337/2024-0
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L'Oreal Brazil for the support, with the partnership of ABC and UNESCO in Brazil — Grant: 153839/2024-4
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L'Oreal Brazil for the support, with the partnership of ABC and UNESCO in Brazil — Grant: 200164/2025-2
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L'Oreal Brazil for the support, with the partnership of ABC and UNESCO in Brazil — Grant: 88881.800216/2022-01
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L'Oreal Brazil for the support, with the partnership of ABC and UNESCO in Brazil — Grant: 307750/2017-5
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L'Oreal Brazil for the support, with the partnership of ABC and UNESCO in Brazil — Grant: 401634/2018-3/AWS
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L'Oreal Brazil for the support, with the partnership of ABC and UNESCO in Brazil — Grant: 698/2022
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L'Oreal Brazil for the support, with the partnership of ABC and UNESCO in Brazil — Grant: 721/2022
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National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC/MCTI, Brazil) — Grant: 2021/01089-1
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National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC/MCTI, Brazil) — Grant: 2024/02267-9
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National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC/MCTI, Brazil) — Grant: 2024/14769-9
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National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC/MCTI, Brazil) — Grant: 403337/2024-0
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National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC/MCTI, Brazil) — Grant: 153839/2024-4
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National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC/MCTI, Brazil) — Grant: 200164/2025-2
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National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC/MCTI, Brazil) — Grant: 88881.800216/2022-01
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National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC/MCTI, Brazil) — Grant: 307750/2017-5
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National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC/MCTI, Brazil) — Grant: 401634/2018-3/AWS
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National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC/MCTI, Brazil) — Grant: 698/2022
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National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC/MCTI, Brazil) — Grant: 721/2022
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References
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Piner . First-Epoch VLBA Imaging of 20 New TeV Blazars, Astrophys. J.. 2014; 797...
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Daniel . Spectrum of very high energy gamma-rays from the blazar 1ES 1959+ 650 d...
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