Depth of maximum of air-shower profiles at the Pierre Auger Observatory. I. Measurements at energies above 10(17.8) eV
Creators
- Aab, A.1
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Abreu, P.2, 3
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Aglietta, Marco4, 5
- Ahn, E. J.6
- Al Samarai, I.7
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Albuquerque, Ivone F. M.8
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Allekotte, Ingomar9
- Allen, J.10
- Allison, Patrick11
- Almela, Alejandro9
- Castillo, J. Alvarez12
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Alvarez-Muñiz, Jaime13
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Batista, R. Alves14
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Ambrosio, M.4, 15
- Aminaei, Amin16
- Anchordoqui, Luis A.17
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Andringa, Sofia2, 3
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Aramo, C.4, 15
- Aranda, V. M.18
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Arqueros, F.18
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Asorey, Hernán9
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Assis, Pedro2, 3
- Aublin, Julien7
- Ave, M.13
- Avenier, M.7
- Avila, Gualberto
- Awal, N.10
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Badescu, Alina Mihaela19
- Barber, K. B.20
- Bäuml, J.21
- Baus, Colin21
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Beatty, J. J.11
- Becker, K.-H.
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Bellido, Jose A.20
- Berat, Corinne7
- Bertaina, M. E.4, 5
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Bertou, Xavier9
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Biermann, Peter L.22
- Billoir, Pierre7
- Blaess, S. G.20
- Blanco, M.7
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Bleve, C.23, 4
- Blümer, H.21
- Bohacova, Martina24
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Boncioli, Denise
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Bonifazi, Carla25
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Bonino, R.5
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Borodai, Nataliia26
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Brack, Jeffrey27
- Brancus, I.M.
- Bridgeman, A.21
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Brogueira, Pedro2, 3
- Brown, W. C.27
- Buchholz, Peter28
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Bueno, Antonio29
- Buitink, Stijn16
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Buscemi, M.15
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Caballero-Mora, Karen S.30
- Caccianiga, B.31
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Caccianiga, Lorenzo7
- Candusso, M.32
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Caramete, L.22
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Caruso, Rossella33
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Castellina, Antonella5
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Cataldi, G.23
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Cazon, Lorenzo2, 3
- Cester, R.5
- Chavez, A. G.34
- Chiavassa, A.5
- Chinellato, Jose35
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Chudoba, Jiri24
- Cilmo, Marco15
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Clay, Roger W20
- Cocciolo, G.23
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Colalillo, Roberta15
- Coleman, Alan36
- Collica, L.31
- Coluccia, Maria Rita23
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Conceição, Rúben2, 3
- Contreras, Fernando
- Cooper, M. J.20
- Cordier, A.
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Coutu, S.36
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Covault, Corbin37
- Cronin, J. W.38
- Curutiu, A.22
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Dallier, Richard7, 39
- Daniel, Bruno35
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Dasso, Sergio40
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Daumiller, Kai21
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Dawson, Bruce R.20
- de Almeida, R. M.41
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De Domenico, M.33
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De Jong, S. J.16
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de Mello Neto, J. R. T.25
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De Mitri, I.23
- de Oliveira, J.41
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de Souza, V.8
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del Peral, L.42
- Deligny, Olivier7
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Dembinski, H.21
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Dhital, Niraj43
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Di Giulio, C.32
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Di Matteo, A.44
- Diaz, J. C.43
- Castro, M. L. Díaz35
- Diogo, F.2, 3
- Dobrigkeit, Carola35
- Docters, W.45
- D'Olivo, Juan Carlos12
- Dorofeev, A.27
- Hasankiadeh, Q. Dorosti21
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Dova, Maria-Teresa46
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Ebr, Jan24
- Engel, Ralph21
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Erdmann, Martin47
- Erfani, M.28
- Escobar, Carlos48, 35
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Espadanal, J.2, 3
- Etchegoyen, A.49, 50
- San Luis, P. Facal38
- Falcke, Heino16, 51
- Fang, Ke38
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Farrar, G.10
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Fauth, A. C.35
- Fazzini, N.48
- Ferguson, A. P.37
- Fernandes, M.25
- Fick, Brian43
- Figueira, Juan Manuel50
- Filevich, A.50
- Filipčič, A.52
- Fox, B. D.
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Fratu, Octavian53
- Fröhlich, U.28
- Fuchs, Béatrice21
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Fujii, Toshihiro38
- Gaior, R.7
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García, B.49
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Roca, S. T. Garcia13
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Garcia-Gamez, D.
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Garcia-Pinto, D.18
- Garilli, G.33
- Bravo, A. Gascon29
- Gate, F.39
- Gemmeke, H.21
- Ghia, P. L.7
- Giaccari, Ugo25
- Giammarchi, Marco31
- Giller, M.
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Glaser, Christian47
- Glass, H.48
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Berisso, M. Gómez
- Vitale, P.F. Gómez
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Gonçalves, Paulo J. S.2, 3
- Gonzalez, J. G.21
- Gonzalez, Nicolas Martin50
- Gookin, B.27
- Gordon, Joshua A.11
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Gorgi, A.5
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Gorham, Peter
- Gouffon, P.8
- Grebe, S.16
- Griffith, N.11
- Grillo, A. F.
- Grubb, Trent D.20
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Guarino, F.15
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Guedes, G. P.54
- Hampel, Matías Rolf50
- Hansen, Peter46
- Harari, D.
- Harrison, Thomas20
- Hartmann, S.47
- Harton, J. L.27
- Haungs, A.21
- Hebbeker, Thomas47
- Heck, D.21
- Heimann, P.28
- Herve, A. E.21
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Hill, G. C.20
- Hojvat, C.48
- Hollon, N.38
- Holt, E.M.21
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Homola, Piotr55
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Hörandel, Jörg R.16
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Horvath, Pavel
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Hrabovský, Miroslav24
- Huber, D.21
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Huege, T.21
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Insolia, A.33
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Isar, Paula Gina
- Jandt, I.55
- Jansen, S.16
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Jarne, C.46
- Josebachuili, M.50
- Kääpä, Alex55
- Kambeitz, O.21
- Kampert, K. H.55
- Kasper, P. H.48
- Katkov, Igor21
- Kégl, Balázs
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Keilhauer, B.21
- Keivani, Azadeh36
- Kemp, E.35
- Kieckhafer, R. M.43
- Klages, H.O.21
- Kleifges, M.21
- Kleinfeller, J.
- Krause, R.47
- Krohm, N.55
- Krömer, O.21
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Kruppke-Hansen, D.55
- Kuempel, Daniel47
- Kunka, N.21
- LaHurd, Danielle37
- Latronico, Luca5
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Lauer, R. J.56
- Lauscher, Markus47
- Lautridou, P.39
- Le Coz, S.57
- Leão, M. S. A. B.
- Lebrun, D.57
- Lebrun, P.48
- de Oliveira, Leigui58
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Letessier-Selvon, A.7
- Lhenry-Yvon, I.7
- Link, K.21
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López, R.59
- Agüera, A. Lopez13
- Louedec, K.57
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Bahilo, J. Lozano29
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Lu, Lu60, 55
- Lucero, A.50
- Ludwig, M.21
- Malacari, Max20
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Maldera, S.5
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Mallamaci, M.31
- Maller, J.39
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Mandat, Dusan24
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Mantsch, P.48
- Mariazzi, A. G.46
- Marin, V.39
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Mariş, I. C.29
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Marsella, G.23
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Martello, D.23
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Martin, L.7, 39
- Martinez, H.30
- Bravo, O. Martínez59
- Martraire, D.7
- Meza, J. J. Masías40
- Mathes, H. J.21
- Mathys, S.55
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Matthews, John61
- Matthews, J. A.J.56
- Matthiae, G.32
- Maurel, D.21
- Maurizio, D.
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Mayotte, Eric62
- Mazur, P.O.48
- Medina, Carlos62
- Medina-Tanco, G.12
- Meissner, R.47
- Melissas, M.21
- Melo, D.50
- Menshikov, A.21
- Messina, S.45
- Meyhandan, R.63
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Micanovic, Sasa
- Micheletti, M. I.
- Middendorf, Lukas47
- Minaya, I. A.18
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Miramonti, Lino31
- Mitrica, B.
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Molina-Bueno, L.29
- Mollerach, Silvia
- Monasor, M.38
- Ragaigne, D. Monnier
- Montanet, François57
- Morello, C.5
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Mostafa, Miguel36
- Moura, C. A.58
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Muller64, 35
- Müller, G.47
- Müller, S.21
- Münchmeyer, Moritz
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Mussa, R.5
- Navarra, G.5
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Navas, S.29
- Necesal, P.24
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Nellen, L.12
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Nelles, A.16
- Neuser, J.55
- Nguyen, P. H.20
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Niechciol, Marcus28
- Niemietz, L.55
- Niggemann, Tim47
- Nitz, D.43
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Nosek, D.65
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Novotny, V.65
- Nožka, L.
- Ochilo, L.28
- Olinto, Angela V.38
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Oliveira, M.2, 3
- Pacheco, N.42
- Selmi-Dei, D. Pakk35
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Palatka, M.24
- Pallotta, J.
- Palmieri, N.21
- Papenbreer, Philipp55
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Parente, G.13
- Parra, A.13
- Paul, T.66, 17
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Pech, Miroslav24
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ke}kala, Jan P{26
- Pelayo, R.59
- Pepe, Iuri Muniz67
- Perrone, L.23
- Petermann, E.68
- Peters, Christine47
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Petrera, S.44
- Petrov, Y.27
- Phuntsok, J.36
- Piegaia, R.40
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Pierog, T.21
- Pieroni, P.40
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Pimenta, M.2, 3
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Pirronello, V.33
- Platino, M.50
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Plum, M.47
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Porcelli, A.21
- Porowski, C.26
- Prado, R. R.8
- Privitera, Paolo38
- Prouza, M.24
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Purrello, V.
- Quel, E. J.
- Querchfeld, S.55
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Quinn, S.37
- Rautenberg, J.55
- Ravel, O.39
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Ravignani, D.50
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Revenu, B.39
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Ridky, J.24
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Riggi, S.13, 69
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Risse, M.28
- Ristori, P.
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Rizi, Vincenzo44
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de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues13
- Cabo, I. Rodriguez13
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Fernandez, G. Rodriguez32, 13
- Rojo, J. Rodriguez
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Rodríguez-Frías42
- Rogozin, D.21
- Ros, German42
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Rosado, Jaime18
- Rossler, T.
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Roth, Markus21
- Roulet, Esteban
- Rovero, A. C.40
- Saffi, S. J.20
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Saftoiu, Alexandra
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Salamida, F.7
- Salazar, Humberto Ibarguen59
- Saleh, A.52
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Greus, F. Salesa36
- Salina, G.32
- Sánchez, F.50
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Sanchez-Lucas, P.29
- Santo, C. E.2, 3
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Santos, E. M.35
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Santos, Eva8
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Sarazin, F.62
- Sarkar, B.55
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Sarmento, Raul2, 3
- Sato, R.
- Scharf, N.47
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Scherini, V.23
- Schieler, H.21
- Schiffer, Peter14
- Schmidt, David21
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Scholten, Olaf
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Schoorlemmer, H.16
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Schovanek, Petr24
- Schulz, André21
- Schulz, Johannes16
- Schumacher, Johannes47
- Sciutto, S. J.46
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Segreto, A.69
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Settimo, Mariangela7
- Shadkam, A.61
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Shellard, R. C.
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Sidelnik, Iván
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Sigl, Günter14
- Sima, Octavian19
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͆miałkowski, A.
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Smida, Radomir21
- Snow, Gregory R68
- Sommers, Paul36
- Sorokin, J.20
- Squartini, R.
- Srivastava, Yogendra N.66
- Stanič, Samo52
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Stapleton, J.11
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Stasielak, J.26
- Stephan, Maurice47
- Stutz, A.57
- Suarez, F.50
- Suomijärvi, T.70
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Supanitsky, Alberto Daniel40
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Sutherland11
- Swain, J. D.66
- Szadkowski, Z.
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Szuba, M.21
- Taborda, O. A.
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Tapia, A.50
- Tartare, M.57
- Tepe, A.28
- Theodoro, V. M.35
- Timmermans, C. J.W.P.16
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Peixoto, C. J. Todero8
- Toma, G.
- Tomankova, L.21
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Tome, B.2, 3
- Tonachini, A.5
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Elipe, G. Torralba13
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Machado, D. Torres25
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Travnicek, Petr24
- Trovato, E.33
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Tueros, Matias13
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Ulrich, Ralf21
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Unger, M.21
- Urban, M.47
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Galicia, J. F. Valdés12
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Valiño, I.13
- Valore, L.15
- van Aar, G.16
- van Bodegom, P.20
- van den Berg, A.M.45
- van Velzen, S.16
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van Vliet, A.14
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Varela, E.59
- Cárdenas, B. Vargas12
- Varner, G. S.
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Vázquez, J. R.18
- Vázquez, R. A.13
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Veberic, Darko
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Verzi, V.32
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Vicha, J.24
- Videla, M.50
- Villaseñor, L.34
- Vlcek, B.42
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Vorobiov, Serguei52
- Wahlberg, Hernan46
- Wainberg, O.49, 50
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Walz, David47
- Watson, Alan60
- Weber, Marc21
- Weidenhaupt, K.47
- Weindl, A.21
- Werner, F.21
- Widom, A.66
- Wiencke, L. R.62
- Wilczynska, B.26
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Wilczyński, H.26
- Will, M.21
- Williams, C. L.38
- Winchen, Tobias55
- Wittkowski, David55
- Wundheiler, B.50
- Wykes, Sarka16
- Yamamoto, T.38
- Yapici, T.43
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Yuan, G.61
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Yushkov, Alexey28
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Zamorano, B.29
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Zas, Enrique13
- Zavrtanik, D.52
- Zavrtanik, M.52
- Zaw, I.10
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Zepeda, A.30
- Zhou, Jing38
- Zhu, Yingchun21
- Silva, M. Zimbres35
- Ziolkowski, M.28
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Zuccarello, Francesca
- and 475 more
- 1. Folkwang University of the Arts
- 2. Instituto Superior Técnico
- 3. University of Lisbon
- 4. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
- 5. University of Turin
- 6. United States Department of Energy
- 7. Centre national de la recherche scientifique
- 8. University of São Paulo
- 9. National Scientific and Technical Research Council
- 10. New York University
- 11. Ohio State University
- 12. National Autonomous University of Mexico
- 13. University of Santiago de Compostela
- 14. University of Hamburg
- 15. University of Naples Federico II
- 16. Radboud University Nijmegen
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- 24. Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
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- 31. University of Milan
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- 51. ASTRON
- 52. University of Nova Gorica
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- 65. Charles University in Prague
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- 68. University of Nebraska–Lincoln
- 69. INAF
- 70. Université Paris-Saclay
Description
We report a study of the distributions of the depth of maximum, X-max, of extensive air-shower profiles with energies above 10(17.8) eV as observed with the fluorescence telescopes of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The analysis method for selecting a data sample with minimal sampling bias is described in detail as well as the experimental cross-checks and systematic uncertainties. Furthermore, we discuss the detector acceptance and the resolution of the X-max measurement and provide parametrizations thereof as a function of energy. The energy dependence of the mean and standard deviation of the X-max distributions are compared to air-shower simulations for different nuclear primaries and interpreted in terms of the mean and variance of the logarithmic mass distribution at the top of the atmosphere.
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Publication Details
Journal article
Journal:
Physical Review D
Publisher:
American Physical Society (APS)
ISSN:
15507998
Volume:
90
Pages:
122005
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Funding
Financial Support
Australian Research Council
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
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São Paulo Research Foundation — Grant: 2010/07359-6
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São Paulo Research Foundation — Grant: 1999/05404-3
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Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação — Grant: MSMT-CR LG13007
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Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação — Grant: 7AMB14AR005
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Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação — Grant: CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0058
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Czech Science Foundation — Grant: 14-17501S
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Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
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Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
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Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca
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Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología
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Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
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Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie
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Narodowe Centrum Nauki — Grant: 2013/08/M/ST9/00322
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Narodowe Centrum Nauki — Grant: 2013/08/M/ST9/00728
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Ministry of National Education
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Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS
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U.S. Department of Energy — Grant: DE-AC02-07CH11359
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U.S. Department of Energy — Grant: DE-FR02-04ER41300
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U.S. Department of Energy — Grant: DE-FG02-99ER41107
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National Science Foundation — Grant: 0450696
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National Foundation for Science and Technology Development
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Marie Curie Grant — Grant: IRSES/EPLANET
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Australian National Commission for UNESCO
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
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The Grainger Foundation
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Conseil Régional, Île-de-France
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NDM Holdings and Valle Las Leñas
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro
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Centre de Calcul — Grant: IN2P3/CNRS
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Département Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire — Grant: PNC-IN2P3/CNRS
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Département Sciences de l'Univers — Grant: SDU-INSU/CNRS
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Institut Lagrange de Paris — Grant: ILP LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63
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Investissements d'Avenir Programme — Grant: ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02
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Finanzministerium Baden-Württemberg, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren
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Gran Sasso Center for Astroparticle Physics
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CETEMPS Center of Excellence
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National Centre for Research and Development — Grant: ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11
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National Centre for Research and Development — Grant: ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11
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Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS — Grant: CNDI-UEFISCDI
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Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS — Grant: nr.20/2012
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Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS — Grant: nr.194/2012
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Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS — Grant: nr.1/ASPERA2/2012 ERA-NET
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Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS — Grant: PN-II-RU-PD-2011-3-0145-17
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Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS — Grant: PN-II-RU-PD-2011-3-0062
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Space Technology and Advanced Research — Grant: 83/2013
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FEDER funds
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Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Xunta de Galicia, European Community 7th Framework Program — Grant: FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826
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The Leverhulme Foundation, Science and Technology Facilities Council
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European Particle Physics Latin American Network — Grant: PIRSES-2009-GA-246806
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Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Fundación Antorchas, Gobierno De La Provincia de Mendoza, Municipalidad de Malargüe
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Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, Nordrhein Westfalen
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References