Published January 3, 2025
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Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Nutritional and Pharmacological Strategies for Obesity.

Creators

  • 1. Dipartimento di Benessere, Nutrizione e Sport, Centro Direzionale, Università Telematica Pegaso, Via Porzio, Isola F2, Naples, 80143, Italy.
  • 2. Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), University of Genova, Genoa, 16132, Italy.
  • 3. Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, 16132, Italy.
  • 4. Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare
  • 5. Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy.
  • 6. Sapienza University of Rome
  • 7. Unicamillus- Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy.
  • 8. Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
  • 9. University of Rome Tor Vergata
  • 10. Internal Medicine Unit - Obesity Center, University Hospital Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
  • 11. Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O),Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy.
  • 12. University of Naples Federico II
  • 13. Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy.
  • 14. Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O),Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy. giovanna.muscogiuri@unina.it.
  • 15. Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia ed Andrologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy. giovanna.muscogiuri@unina.it.
  • 16. Cattedra Unesco "Educazione Alla Salute E Allo Sviluppo Sostenibile", Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy. giovanna.muscogiuri@unina.it.

Description

This review examines the long-term efficacy and safety of various nutritional and pharmacological strategies for managing obesity. The focus is on the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), very low-energy ketogenic therapy (VLEKT), and pharmacological interventions such as naltrexone/bupropion and liraglutide. Given the chronic nature of obesity, understanding the sustainability and impact of these treatments over time is critical. The MedDiet has shown significant benefits for cardiovascular health and moderate long-term weight loss, though it does not always outperform other diets in terms of weight reduction. VLEKT is highly effective for rapid weight loss, but concerns remain about its long-term sustainability. Pharmacological treatments, including naltrexone/bupropion and liraglutide, have shown promise in promoting significant weight loss and improving metabolic markers. However, issues related to long-term adherence and potential side effects need further exploration. Both nutritional and pharmacological strategies offer valuable tools in obesity management. While treatments like VLEKT and pharmacological options provide significant short-term benefits, the MedDiet remains a sustainable long-term approach. The long-term efficacy and safety of naltrexone/bupropion and liraglutide require more investigation to address challenges in weight maintenance and side effects. Further studies are needed to establish the optimal duration and combination of these therapies for sustained obesity management. © 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
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