Measuring the muon content of inclined air showers using AERA and the water-Cherenkov detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory
Creators
- Abdul Halim, A.1
- Abreu, P.2
- Aglietta, M.3, 4, 5
- Allekotte, I.6
- Almeida Cheminant, K.7, 8
- Almela, A.9, 10
- Aloisio, R.11, 12, 5
- Alvarez-Muñiz, J.13, 14
- Ambrosone, A.11
- Ammerman Yebra, J.13, 14
- Anastasi, G. A.15, 4, 5
- Anchordoqui, L.16
- Andrada, B.9
- Andrade Dourado, L.11, 12, 5
- Andringa, S.2
- Apollonio, L.17, 4, 5
- Aramo, C.4, 5
- Arnone, E.18, 4, 5
- Arteaga Velázquez, J. C.19
- Assis, P.2
- Avila, G.20
- Avocone, E.21, 12, 5
- Bakalova, A.22, 23
- Barbato, F.11, 12, 5
- Bartz Mocellin, A.24
- Bellido, J. A.1
- Berat, C.25
- Bertaina, M. E.18, 4, 5
- Bianciotto, M.18, 4, 5
- Biermann, P. L.
- Binet, V.26
- Bismark, K.27, 28, 9
- Bister, T.8, 7
- Biteau, J.29
- Blazek, J.22, 23
- Blümer, J.28
- Boháčová, M.22, 23
- Boncioli, D.21, 12, 5
- Bonifazi, C.30
- Bonneau Arbeletche, L.31, 32
- Borodai, N.33
- Brack, J.
- Brichetto Orchera, P. G.9, 28
- Briechle, F. L.34
- Bueno, A.35, 36
- Buitink, S.37
- Buscemi, M.4, 5, 15
- Büsken, M.27, 28, 9
- Bwembya, A.8, 7
- Caballero-Mora, K. S.38
- Cabana-Freire, S.13, 14
- Caccianiga, L.17, 4, 5
- Campuzano, F.39
- Caraça-Valente, J.24
- Caruso, R.15, 4, 5
- Castellina, A.3, 4, 5
- Catalani, F.40, 41
- Cataldi, G.4, 5
- Cazon, L.13, 14
- Cerda, M.42
- Čermáková, B.28
- Cermenati, A.11, 12, 5
- Chinellato, J. A.31, 32
- Chudoba, J.22, 23
- Chytka, L.43
- Clay, R. W.1
- Cobos Cerutti, A. C.39
- Colalillo, R.44, 4, 5
- Conceição, R.2
- Consolati, G.4, 5, 45, 46
- Conte, M.47, 4, 5
- Convenga, F.11, 12, 5
- Correia dos Santos, D.48, 49
- Costa, P. J.2
- Covault, C. E.50
- Cristinziani, M.51
- Cruz Sanchez, C. S.52
- Dasso, S.53, 54, 55
- Daumiller, K.28
- Dawson, B. R.1
- de Almeida, R. M.48, 49
- de Boone, E.-T.51
- de Errico, B.48, 49
- de Jesús, J.9
- de Jong, S. J.8, 7
- de Mello Neto, J. R. T.48, 49
- De Mitri, I.11, 12, 5
- de Oliveira, J.56
- de Oliveira Franco, D.57, 58
- de Palma, F.47, 4, 5
- de Souza, V.40, 41
- De Vito, E.47, 4, 5
- Del Popolo, A.15, 4, 5
- Deligny, O.29
- Denner, N.22, 23
- Deval, L.3, 4, 5
- di Matteo, A.4, 5
- Dobrigkeit, C.31, 32
- D'Olivo, J. C.59, 60
- Domingues Mendes, L. M.61, 2
- Dorosti, Q.51
- dos Anjos, J. C.61
- dos Anjos, R. C.62, 63
- Ebr, J.22, 23
- Ellwanger, F.28
- Engel, R.27, 28
- Epicoco, I.47, 4, 5
- Erdmann, M.34
- Etchegoyen, A.9, 10
- Evoli, C.11, 12, 5
- Falcke, H.8, 64, 7
-
Farrar, G.65
- Fauth, A. C.31, 32
- Fehler, T.51
- Feldbusch, F.27, 28
- Fernandes, A.2
- Fernandez, M.66, 67
- Fick, B.68
- Figueira, J. M.9
- Filip, P.27, 28, 9
- Filipčič, A.69, 70
- Fitoussi, T.28
- Flaggs, B.71
- Fodran, T.8
- Franco, A.4, 5
-
Freitas, M.2
- Fujii, T.72
- Fuster, A.9, 10
- Galea, C.8
- García, B.39
- Gaudu, C.73
- Ghia, P. L.29
- Giaccari, U.4, 5
- Gobbi, F.42
- Gollan, F.9
- Golup, G.6
- Gómez Berisso, M.6
- Gómez Vitale, P. F.20
- Gongora, J. P.20
- González, J. M.6
- González, N.9
- Góra, D.33
- Gorgi, A.3, 4, 5
-
Gottowik, M.28
- Guarino, F.44, 4, 5
- Guedes, G. P.74
- Gülzow, L.28
- Hahn, S.27, 28
- Hamal, P.22, 23
- Hampel, M. R.9
- Hansen, P.52
- Harvey, V. M.1
- Haungs, A.28
- Hebbeker, T.34
- Hojvat, C.
- Hörandel, J. R.8, 7
- Horvath, P.43
- Hrabovský, M.43
- Huege, T.28, 37
- Insolia, A.15, 4, 5
- Isar, P. G.75
- Ismaiel, M.8, 7
- Janecek, P.22, 23
- Jilek, V.22, 23
- Kampert, K.-H.73
- Keilhauer, B.28
- Khakurdikar, A.8
- Kizakke Covilakam, V. V.9, 28
- Klages, H. O.28
- Kleifges, M.27, 28
- Köhler, J.28
- Krieger, F.34
- Kubatova, M.22, 23
- Kunka, N.27, 28
- Lago, B. L.76
- Langner, N.34
- Leal, N.9
- Leigui de Oliveira, M. A.77
- Lema-Capeans, Y.13, 14
- Letessier-Selvon, A.78, 79
- Lhenry-Yvon, I.29
- Lopes, L.2
- Lundquist, J. P.70
- Mallamaci, M.80, 4, 5
- Mandat, D.22, 23
- Mantsch, P.
- Mariani, F. M.17, 4, 5
- Mariazzi, A. G.52
- Mariş, I. C.66, 67
- Marsella, G.80, 4, 5
- Martello, D.47, 4, 5
- Martinelli, S.28, 9
- Martins, M. A.13, 14
- Mathes, H.-J.28
- Matthews, J.
- Matthiae, G.81, 4, 5
-
Mayotte, E.24
- Mayotte, S.24
- Mazur, P. O.
- Medina-Tanco, G.59, 60
- Meinert, J.73
- Melo, D.9
- Menshikov, A.27, 28
- Merx, C.28
- Michal, S.22, 23
- Micheletti, M. I.26
- Miramonti, L.17, 4, 5
- Mogarkar, M.33
- Mollerach, S.6
- Montanet, F.25
- Morejon, L.73
- Mulrey, K.8, 7
- Mussa, R.4, 5
- Namasaka, W. M.73
- Negi, S.22, 23
- Nellen, L.59, 60
- Nguyen, K.68
- Nicora, G.82
- Niechciol, M.51
- Nitz, D.68
- Nosek, D.83, 84
- Novikov, A.71
- Novotny, V.83, 84
- Nožka, L.43
- Nucita, A.47, 4, 5
- Núñez, L. A.85
- Ochoa, J.9, 28
- Oliveira, C.40, 41
- Östman, L.22, 23
- Palatka, M.22, 23
- Pallotta, J.82
- Panja, S.22, 23
- Parente, G.13, 14
- Paulsen, T.73
- Pawlowsky, J.73
- Pech, M.22, 23
- Pȩkala, J.33
- Pelayo, R.86, 87
- Pelgrims, V.66, 67
- Pereira, L. A. S.88
- Pereira Martins, E. E.27, 28, 9
- Pérez Bertolli, C.9, 28
- Perrone, L.47, 4, 5
- Petrera, S.11, 12, 5
- Petrucci, C.21
- Pierog, T.28
- Pimenta, M.2
- Platino, M.9
- Pont, B.8
- Pourmohammad Shahvar, M.80, 4, 5
- Privitera, P.72
- Priyadarshi, C.33
- Prouza, M.22, 23
- Pytel, K.89
- Querchfeld, S.73
- Rautenberg, J.73
- Ravignani, D.9
- Reginatto Akim, J. V.31, 32
- Reuzki, A.34
- Ridky, J.22, 23
- Riehn, F.13, 14
- Risse, M.51
- Rizi, V.21, 12, 5
- Rodriguez, E.9, 28
- Rodriguez Fernandez, G.4, 5
- Rodriguez Rojo, J.20
- Rossoni, S.57, 58
- Roth, M.28
- Roulet, E.6
- Rovero, A. C.53
- Saftoiu, A.90
- Saharan, M.8
- Salamida, F.21, 12, 5
- Salazar, H.91
- Salina, G.4, 5
- Sampathkumar, P.28
- San Martin, N.24
- Sanabria Gomez, J. D.85
- Sánchez, F.9
- Santos, E. M.40, 41
- Santos, E.22, 23
- Sarazin, F.24
- Sarmento, R.2
- Sato, R.20
- Savina, P.11, 12, 5
- Scherini, V.47, 4, 5
- Schieler, H.28
- Schimassek, M.29
- Schimp, M.73
- Schmidt, D.28
- Scholten, O.37
- Schoorlemmer, H.8, 7
- Schovánek, P.22, 23
- Schröder, F. G.71, 28
- Schulte, J.34
- Schulz, T.22, 23
- Sciutto, S. J.52
- Scornavacche, M.9
- Sedoski, A.9
- Segreto, A.92, 4, 5
- Sehgal, S.73
- Shivashankara, S. U.70
- Sigl, G.57, 58
- Simkova, K.37, 66, 67
- Simon, F.27, 28
- Šmída, R.72
- Sommers, P.
- Squartini, R.42
- Stadelmaier, M.28, 4, 5, 17
- Stanič, S.70
- Stasielak, J.33
- Stassi, P.25
- Strähnz, S.27, 28
- Straub, M.34
- Suomijärvi, T.29
- Supanitsky, A. D.9
- Svozilikova, Z.22, 23
- Syrokvas, K.83, 84
- Szadkowski, Z.89
- Tairli, F.1
- Tambone, M.44, 4, 5
- Tapia, A.93
- Taricco, C.18, 4, 5
- Timmermans, C.7, 8
- Tkachenko, O.22, 23
- Tobiska, P.22, 23
- Todero Peixoto, C. J.40, 41
- Tomé, B.2
- Travaini, A.42
- Travnicek, P.22, 23
- Tueros, M.52
- Unger, M.28
- Uzeiroska, R.73
- Vaclavek, L.43
- Vacula, M.43
- Vaiman, I.11, 12, 5
- Valdés Galicia, J. F.59, 60
- Valore, L.44, 4, 5
- van Dillen, P.8, 7
- Varela, E.91
- Vašíčková, V.73
- Vásquez-Ramírez, A.85
- Veberič, D.28
- Vergara Quispe, I. D.52
- Verpoest, S.71
- Verzi, V.4, 5
- Vicha, J.22, 23
- Vink, J.94, 95
- Vorobiov, S.70
- Vuta, J. B.22, 23
- Watanabe, C.48, 49
- Watson, A. A.
- Weindl, A.28
- Weitz, M.73
- Wiencke, L.24
- Wilczyński, H.33
- Wundheiler, B.9
- Yue, B.73
- Yushkov, A.22, 23
- Zas, E.13, 14
- Zavrtanik, D.70, 69
- Zavrtanik, M.69, 70
- and 352 more
- 1. University of Adelaide
- 2. Universidade de Lisboa—UL
- 3. Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF)
- 4. INFN
- 5. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
- 6. Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET)
- 7. Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF)
- 8. Radboud University Nijmegen
- 9. Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM)
- 10. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Buenos Aires
- 11. Gran Sasso Science Institute
- 12. INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso
- 13. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 14. University of Santiago de Compostela
- 15. Università di Catania
- 16. City University of New York
- 17. Università di Milano
- 18. Università Torino
- 19. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo
- 20. Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica
- 21. Università dell'Aquila
- 22. Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 23. Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 24. Colorado School of Mines
- 25. University Grenoble Alpes
- 26. Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)
- 27. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 28. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 29. Université Paris-Saclay
- 30. International Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas
- 31. Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)
- 32. State University of Campinas
- 33. Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN
- 34. RWTH Aachen University
- 35. Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E.
- 36. University of Granada
- 37. Vrije Universiteit Brussels
- 38. Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas
- 39. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional
- 40. Universidade de São Paulo
- 41. University of São Paulo
- 42. Observatorio Pierre Auger
- 43. Palacky University
- 44. Università di Napoli "Federico II,"
- 45. Politecnico di Milano
- 46. Polytechnic University of Milan
- 47. Università del Salento
- 48. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- 49. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- 50. Case Western Reserve University
- 51. Universität Siegen
- 52. Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET
- 53. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA)
- 54. Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET
- 55. University of Buenos Aires
- 56. Instituto Federal de Educação
- 57. Universität Hamburg
- 58. University of Hamburg
- 59. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- 60. National Autonomous University of Mexico
- 61. Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas
- 62. Universidade Federal do Paraná
- 63. Federal University of Paraná
- 64. Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON)
- 65. New York University
- 66. Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
- 67. Université libre de Bruxelles
- 68. Michigan Technological University
- 69. J. Stefan Institute
- 70. University of Nova Gorica
- 71. University of Delaware
- 72. University of Chicago
- 73. Bergische Universität Wuppertal
- 74. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana
- 75. Institute of Space Science
- 76. Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca
- 77. Universidade Federal do ABC
- 78. Université de Paris
- 79. University of Paris
- 80. Università di Palermo
- 81. Università di Roma "Tor Vergata"
- 82. Laboratorio Atmósfera—Departamento de Investigaciones en Láseres y sus Aplicaciones—UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET)
- 83. Charles University
- 84. Charles University in Prague
- 85. Universidad Industrial de Santander
- 86. Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN)
- 87. Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- 88. Universidade Federal de Campina Grande
- 89. University of Łódź
- 90. "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering
- 91. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
- 92. Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF)
- 93. Universidad de Medellín
- 94. Universiteit van Amsterdam
- 95. University of Amsterdam
Description
We present a novel approach for assessing the muon content of air showers with large zenith angles on a combined analysis of their radio emission and particle footprint. We use the radiation energy reconstructed by the Auger engineering radio array (AERA) as an energy estimator and determine the muon number independently with the water-Cherenkov detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory, deployed on a 1500 m grid. We focus our analysis on air showers with primary energy above 4 EeV to ensure full detection efficiency. Over approximately ten years of accumulated data, we identify a set of 40 high-quality events that are used in the analysis. The estimated muon contents in data are compatible with those for iron primaries as predicted by current-generation hadronic interaction models. This result can be interpreted as a deficit of muons in simulations as a lighter mass composition has been established from
X
max
measurements. This muon deficit was already observed in previous analyses of the Auger Collaboration and is confirmed using hybrid events that include radio measurements for the first time.
Publication Details
Journal article
Persistent Identifiers
DOI
10.1103/2q9f-pbrp
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Funding
Financial Support
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft — Grant: INST 218/78-1 FUGG
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Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
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Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Gobierno de Argentina
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Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica
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Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
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Australian Research Council
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Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
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Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
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European Commission — Grant: 101107047
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
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Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo — Grant: 2019/10151-2
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo — Grant: 2010/07359-6
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo — Grant: 1999/05404-3
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Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações
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Grantová Agentura ?eské Republiky — Grant: 24-13049S
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Grantová Agentura ?eské Republiky — Grant: CAS LQ100102401
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Grantová Agentura ?eské Republiky — Grant: MEYS LM2023032
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Grantová Agentura ?eské Republiky — Grant: CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402
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Grantová Agentura ?eské Republiky — Grant: CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/18_046/0016010
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Grantová Agentura ?eské Republiky — Grant: CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/17_049/0008422
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Grantová Agentura ?eské Republiky — Grant: CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004632
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Centre de Calcul de Régional ROMEO
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Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
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Conseil Régional, Île-de-France
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Institut national des sciences de l'Univers
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Institut Lagrange de Paris — Grant: LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63
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Fondation de l'Avenir pour la Recherche Médicale Appliquée — Grant: ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02
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Baden-Württemberg Stiftung
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Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics
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Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
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Ministerium für Kultur und Wissenschaft des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen
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Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-Württemberg
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Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Padova
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Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica
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Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca
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Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale
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NextGenerationEU — Grant: CN_00000013
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Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías — Grant: 167733
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Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap
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Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
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Narodowe Centrum Nauki — Grant: 2016/22/M/ST9/00198
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Narodowe Centrum Nauki — Grant: 2016/23/B/ST9/01635
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Narodowe Centrum Nauki — Grant: 2020/39/B/ST9/01398
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Narodowe Centrum Nauki — Grant: 2022/45/B/ST9/02163
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Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competitividade
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Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
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Ministerul Cercet?rii, Inov?rii ?i Digitaliz?rii
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Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii — Grant: 30N/2023
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The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency — Grant: P1-0031
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The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency — Grant: P1-0385
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The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency — Grant: I0-0033
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The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency — Grant: N1-0111
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Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
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Agencia Estatal de Investigación — Grant: PID2019–105544 GB-I00
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Agencia Estatal de Investigación — Grant: PID2022-140510NB-I00
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Agencia Estatal de Investigación — Grant: RYC2019-027017-I
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Xunta de Galicia — Grant: 2021 GRC GI-2033
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Xunta de Galicia — Grant: ED431C-2021/22
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Xunta de Galicia — Grant: ED431F-2022/15
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Junta de Andalucía — Grant: SOMM17/6104/UGR
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Junta de Andalucía — Grant: P18-FR-4314
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HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions — Grant: 101065027
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European Regional Development Fund
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U.S. Department of Energy — Grant: DE-AC02-07CH11359
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U.S. Department of Energy — Grant: DE-FR02-04ER41300
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U.S. Department of Energy — Grant: DE-FG02-99ER41107
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U.S. Department of Energy — Grant: DE-SC0011689
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National Science Foundation — Grant: 0450696
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National Science Foundation — Grant: 2013199
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Grainger Foundation
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United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
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Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza
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Municipalidad de Malargüe
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NDM Holdings and Valle Las Leñas
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Département Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire
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Département Sciences de l'Univers
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CETEMPS Center of Excellence
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ICSC Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing
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Ministry of Education and Science — Grant: DIR/WK/2018/11
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Ministry of Education and Science — Grant: 2022/WK/12
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Romanian National Core Program LAPLAS VII — Grant: PN 23 21 01 02
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PNCDI III — Grant: PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-0924/TE57/2022
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Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET
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Latin American Network for Research on Bioactive Natural Compounds
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References