Testing Hadronic Interactions at Ultrahigh Energies with Air Showers Measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory.
Creators
- Aab, A.1
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Abreu, P.2
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Aglietta, Marco3
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Ahn, Eun-Joo4
- Al Samarai, I.5
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Albuquerque, Ivone F. M.6
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Allekotte, Ingomar7
- Allen, J.8
- Allison, Patrick9
- Almela, Alejandro10
- Castillo, J. Alvarez11
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Alvarez-Muñiz, Jaime12
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Ambrosio, M.13, 14
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Anastasi, G. A.15, 14
- Anchordoqui, Luis A.16
- Andrada, B.10
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Andringa, Sofia2
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Aramo, C.13, 14
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Arqueros, F.17
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Arsene, Nicusor18
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Asorey, Hernán7
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Assis, Pedro2
- Aublin, Julien5
- Avila, Gualberto19, 20
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Badescu, Alina Mihaela21
- Baus, Colin22
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Beatty, J. J.9
- Becker, K. H.23
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Bellido, Jose A.24
- Berat, Corinne25
- Bertaina, M. E.26, 14, 27
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Bertou, Xavier7
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Biermann, Peter L.28
- Billoir, P.5
- Biteau, Jonathan29
- Blaess, S. G.24
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Blanco, A.2
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Blazek, J.30
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Bleve, C.31, 32, 14
- Blümer, H.22
- Bohacova, Martina30
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Boncioli, Denise33, 14, 34, 35
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Bonifazi, Carla35
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Borodai, Nataliia36
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Botti, A. M.10
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Brack, Jeffrey37
- Brancus, I.M.38
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Bretz, Thomas39
- Bridgeman, A.22
- Briechle, Florian Lukas39
- Buchholz, Peter1
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Bueno, Antonio40
- Buitink, Stijn41
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Buscemi, M.42
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Caballero-Mora, Karen S.43
- Caccianiga, B.44, 14
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Caccianiga, Lorenzo5
- Cancio, A.10
- Canfora, Fabrizia41
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Caramete, L.45
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Caruso, Rossella42
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Castellina, Antonella3
- Cataldi, G.32, 14
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Cazon, Lorenzo2
- Cester, R.26, 14, 27
- Chavez, A. G.46
- Chiavassa, Andrea26, 14, 27
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Chinellato, Jose47
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Chudoba, Jiri30
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Clay, Roger W24
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Colalillo, Roberta13, 14, 48
- Coleman, Alan49
- Collica, L.26, 14
- Coluccia, Maria Rita31, 32, 14
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Conceição, Rúben2
- Contreras, Fernando19, 20
- Cooper, M. J.24
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Coutu, S.49
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Covault, Corbin50
- Cronin, J. W.51
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Dallier, Richard52, 53
- D'Amico, Stefano32, 14, 54
- Daniel, Bruno47
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Dasso, Sergio10
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Daumiller, Kai22
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Dawson, Bruce R.24
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de Almeida, R. M.55
- De Jong, S. J.41
- De Mauro, G.41
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de Mello Neto, J. R. T.35
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De Mitri, I.31, 32, 14
- de Oliveira, J.55
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de Souza, V.6
- Debatin, J.22
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del Peral, L.56
- Deligny, Olivier29
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Dhital, Niraj57
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Di Giulio, C.58
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Di Matteo, A.15, 14, 59
- Castro, M. L. Díaz47
- Diogo, F.2
- Dobrigkeit, Carola47
- D'Olivo, Juan Carlos11
- Dorofeev, A.37
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dos Anjos, R.C.60
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Dova, Maria-Teresa61
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Dundovic, Andrej62
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Ebr, Jan30
- Engel, Ralph22
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Erdmann, Martin39
- Erfani, M.1
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Escobar, Carlos4
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Espadanal, J.2
- Etchegoyen, Alberto10
- Falcke, Heino41
- Fang, Ke51
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Farrar, Glennys R.8
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Fauth, Anderson47
- Fazzini, Norberto4
- Ferguson, A. P.50
- Fick, Brian57
- Figueira, Juan Manuel10
- Filevich, Alberto10
- Filipčič, A.63, 64
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Fratu, Octavian21
- Freire, Martín Miguel10
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Fujii, Toshihiro51
- Fuster, A.10
- Gallo, F.10
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García, Beatriz65
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Garcia-Pinto, D.17
- Gaté, Florian
- Gemmeke, H.22
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Gherghel-Lascu, Alexandru38
- Ghia, Piera Luisa5
- Giaccari, Ugo35
- Giammarchi, Marco44, 14
- Giller, Maria66
- Glas, Dariusz67, 39
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Glaser, Christian39
- Glass, H.4
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Golup, Geraldina7
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Berisso, M. Gómez7
- Vitale, P.F. Gómez19, 20
- González, Nicolás10
- Gookin, B.37
- Gordon, Joshua A.9
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Gorgi, Alessio3
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Gorham, Peter68
- Gouffon, P.6
- Griffith, N.9
- Grillo, Alexander33, 14
- Grubb, Trent D.24
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Guarino, Fausto13, 14, 48
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Guedes, Germano69
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Hampel, M. R.10
- Hansen, Peter61
- Harari, Diego7
- Harrison, Thomas24
- Harton, John L.37
- Hasankiadeh, Q.22
- Haungs, Andreas22
- Hebbeker, T.39
- Heck, Dieter22
- Heimann, P.1
- Herve, A.E.22
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Hill, G. C.24
- Hojvat, Carlos4
- Hollon, N.51
- Holt, E.M.10
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Homola, Piotr36
- Hörandel, Jörg R.41
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Horvath, Pavel70
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Hrabovský, Miroslav70
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Huege, Tim22
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Hulsman, J.10
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Insolia, Antonio42
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Isar, Paula Gina45
- Jandt, I.23
- Jansen, S.41
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Jarne, C.61
- Johnsen, Jeffrey A.71
- Josebachuili, M.10
- Kääpä, Alex23
- Kambeitz, O.22
- Kampert, Karl-Heinz23
- Kasper, P. H.4
- Katkov, I.22
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Keilhauer, Bianca22
- Kemp, Ernesto47
- Kieckhafer, R.M.57
- Klages, Hans22
- Kleifges, Matthias22
- Kleinfeller, Jonny19
- Krause, R.39
- Krohm, N.23
- Kuempel, Daniel39
- Mezek, G. Kukec72
- Kunka, Norbert22
- Awad, A. Kuotb22
- LaHurd, Danielle50
- Latronico, Luca26, 14
- Lauscher, Markus39
- Lautridou, Pascal52
- Lebrun, P.4
- Legumina, R.66
- de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui73
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Letessier-Selvon, Antoine5
- Lhenry-Yvon, I.29
- Link, Katrin22
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Lopes, L.2
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López, R.74
- Casado, A. López12
- Lucero, A.10
- Malacari, Max24
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Mallamaci, M.44, 14, 75
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Mandat, Dusan30
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Mantsch, Paul M.4
- Mariazzi, A. G.61
- Marin, Vincent52
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Maris, Ioana Codrina40
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Marsella, G.31, 32, 14
- Martello, D.31, 32, 14
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Martinez, H.76
- Bravo, O. Martínez74
- Meza, J. J. Masías77
- Mathes, Hermann-Josef22
- Mathys, S.23
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Matthews, John78
- Matthews, J. A.J.79
- Matthiae, G.58
- Maurizio, D.80
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Mayotte, Eric71
- Mazur, Peter4
- Medina, Carlos71
- Medina-Tanco, Gustavo11
- Mello, V. B. B.35
- Melo, D.10
- Menshikov, A.22
- Messina, S.81
- Micheletti, M. I.10
- Middendorf, Lukas39
- Minaya, I. A.17
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Miramonti, Lino44, 14, 75
- Mitrica, B.38
- Mockler, Daniela
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Molina-Bueno, L.40
- Mollerach, Silvia7
- Montanet, F.25
- Morello, C.3
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Mostafá, Miguel49
- Moura, C. A.73
- Müller, Gero39
- Muller, Marcio Aparecido47
- Müller, S.10
- Naranjo, I.7
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Navas, S.40
- Necesal, P.30
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Nellen, Lukas11
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Nelles, A.41
- Neuser, J.23
- Nguyen, P. H.24
- Niculescu-Oglinzanu, Mihai38
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Niechciol, Marcus1
- Niemietz, L.23
- Niggemann, Tim39
- Nitz, D.57
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Nosek, D.82
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Novotny, V.82
- Nožka, H.70
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Nunez, Luis A.83
- Ochilo, L.1
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Oikonomou, Foteini49
- Olinto, Angela V.51
- Selmi-Dei, D. Pakk47
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Palatka, Miroslav30
- Pallotta, Juan10
- Papenbreer, Philipp23
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Parente, G.12
- Parra, A.74
- Paul, T.16
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Pech, Miroslav30
- Pedreira, F.12
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Pękala, Jan36
- Pelayo, Rodrigo84
- Peña-Rodríguez, Jesús83
- Pepe, Iuri Muniz85
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Pereira, L. A. S.47
- Perrone, L.31, 32, 14
- Petermann, E.86
- Peters, Christine39
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Petrera, Sergio15, 14, 59
- Phuntsok, J.49
- Piegaia, R.77
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Pierog, Tanguy22
- Pieroni, P.77
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Pimenta, Mário2
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Pirronello, Valerio42
- Platino, Manuel10
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Plum, M.39
- Porowski, C.36
- Prado, R.R.6
- Privitera, Paolo51
- Prouza, M.30
- Quel, Eduardo10
- Querchfeld, Sven23
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Quinn, S.50
- Rautenberg, Julian23
- Ravel, Olivier52
- Ravignani, Diego10
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Revenu, Benoît52
- Ridky, Jan30
- Risse, Markus1
- Ristori, Pablo10
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Rizi, Vincenzo15, 14, 59
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de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues12
- Rojo, J. Rodriguez19
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Rodríguez-Frías, M. D.56
- Rogozin, D.22
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Rosado, Jaime17
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Roth, Markus22
- Roulet, Esteban7
- Rovero, A. C.10
- Saffi, S. J.24
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Saftoiu, Alexandra38
- Salazar, Humberto Ibarguen74
- Saleh, A.72
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Greus, F. Salesa49
- Salina, Gaetano87, 14
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Gomez, J.D. Sanabria83
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Sánchez, F.10
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Sanchez-Lucas, P.40
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Santos, E. M.6
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Santos, E.47
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Sarazin, Fred71
- Sarkar, B.23
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Sarmento, Raul2
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Sarmiento-Cano, Christian83
- Sato, R.19
- Scarso, C.19
- Schauer, M.23
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Scherini, V.31, 32, 14
- Schieler, Harald22
- Schmidt, David10
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Scholten, Olaf81
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Schoorlemmer, Harm68
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Schovanek, Petr30
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Schröder, F.G.22
- Schulz, A.22
- Schulz, Johannes41
- Schumacher, Johannes39
- Sciutto, Sergio61
- Segreto, Alberto88, 14, 89
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Settimo, M.5
- Shadkam, A.78
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Shellard, R. C.80
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Sigl, Günter62
- Sima, Octavian18
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Śmiałkowski, A.66
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Smida, Radomir22
- Snow, Gregory R86
- Sommers, Paul49
- Sonntag, S.1
- Sorokin, J.24
- Squartini, Ruben19
- Stanca, Denis38
- Stanič, S.72
- Stapleton, J.9
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Stasielak, Jaroslaw36
- Strafella, Francesco31, 32, 14
- Stutz, A.25
- Suarez, Federico10
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Durán, M. Suarez83
- Sudholz, Tristan24
- Suomijärvi, T.29
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Supanitsky, A.D.10
- Sutherland, M. S.9
- Swain, John90
- Szadkowski, Zbigniew66
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Taborda, O. A.7
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Tapia, Alex10
- Tepe, A.1
- Theodoro, V. M.47
- Timmermans, Charles41
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Peixoto, C. J. Todero6
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Tome, B.2
- Tonachini, A.26, 14, 27
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Machado, D. Torres35
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Travnicek, Petr30
- Trini, M.72
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- Valbuena-Delgado, A.83
- Galicia, J. F. Valdés11
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Valiño, I.12
- Valore, Laura13, 14, 48
- van Aar, G.41
- van Bodegom, P.24
- van den Berg, A.M.81
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van Vliet, A.41
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Varela, E.74
- Cárdenas, B. Vargas11
- Varner, G. S.68
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Vorobiov, S.72
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Walz, David39
- Watson, Alan91
- Weber, Marc22
- Weindl, Andreas22
- Wiencke, Lawrence71
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- Winchen, Tobias23
- Wittkowski, David23
- Wundheiler, B.10
- Wykes, Sarka41
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- Yapici, T.57
- Yelos, D.10
- Zas, Enrique12
- Zavrtanik, Danilo63, 64
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Zepeda, Arnulfo76
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- Ziolkowski, M.1
- Zong, Z.29
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Zuccarello, Francesca92, 88, 14
- and 427 more
- 1. Folkwang University of the Arts
- 2. Instituto Superior Técnico
- 3. INAF
- 4. Fermilab
- 5. Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, France.
- 6. University of São Paulo
- 7. Balseiro Institute
- 8. New York University
- 9. Ohio State University
- 10. National Scientific and Technical Research Council
- 11. National Autonomous University of Mexico
- 12. University of Santiago de Compostela
- 13. INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Italy.
- 14. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
- 15. INFN, Sezione di L'Aquila, Italy.
- 16. City University of New York
- 17. Complutense University of Madrid
- 18. University of Bucharest
- 19. Observatorio Pierre Auger, Argentina.
- 20. Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Argentina.
- 21. Politehnica University of Bucharest
- 22. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 23. University of Wuppertal
- 24. University of Adelaide
- 25. Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, France.
- 26. INFN, Sezione di Torino, Italy.
- 27. Università Torino, Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy.
- 28. Max Planck Society
- 29. Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, France.
- 30. Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 31. Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi", Italy.
- 32. INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Italy.
- 33. INFN Laboratori del Gran Sasso, Italy.
- 34. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Instituto de Física, Brazil.
- 35. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- 36. Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Poland.
- 37. Colorado State University
- 38. "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Romania.
- 39. RWTH Aachen University
- 40. University of Granada
- 41. Radboud University Nijmegen
- 42. University of Catania
- 43. Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Mexico.
- 44. INFN, Sezione di Milano, Italy.
- 45. Institute of Space Science, Romania.
- 46. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo
- 47. State University of Campinas
- 48. Università di Napoli "Federico II", Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy.
- 49. Pennsylvania State University
- 50. Case Western Reserve University
- 51. University of Chicago
- 52. SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, France.
- 53. Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, France.
- 54. Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Italy.
- 55. Federal Fluminense University
- 56. University of Alcalá
- 57. Michigan Technological University
- 58. University of Rome Tor Vergata
- 59. Università dell'Aquila, Dipartimento di Chimica e Fisica, Italy.
- 60. Federal University of Paraná
- 61. National University of La Plata
- 62. University of Hamburg
- 63. Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Slovenia.
- 64. Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia.
- 65. National Technological University
- 66. University of Łódź, Poland.
- 67. RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Germany.
- 68. University of Hawaii
- 69. State University of Feira de Santana
- 70. Palacký University, Olomouc
- 71. Colorado School of Mines
- 72. University of Nova Gorica
- 73. Universidade Federal do ABC
- 74. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
- 75. Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy.
- 76. CINVESTAV
- 77. University of Buenos Aires
- 78. Louisiana State University
- 79. University of New Mexico
- 80. Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas (CBPF), Brazil.
- 81. University of Groningen
- 82. University Prague, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Czech Republic.
- 83. Industrial University of Santander
- 84. Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- 85. Federal University of Bahia
- 86. University of Nebraska–Lincoln
- 87. INFN, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", Italy.
- 88. INFN, Sezione di Catania, Italy.
- 89. INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo, Italy.
- 90. Northeastern University
- 91. University of Leeds
- 92. Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Italy.
Description
Ultrahigh energy cosmic ray air showers probe particle physics at energies beyond the reach of accelerators. Here we introduce a new method to test hadronic interaction models without relying on the absolute energy calibration, and apply it to events with primary energy 6-16 EeV (E_CM = 110-170 TeV), whose longitudinal development and lateral distribution were simultaneously measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory. The average hadronic shower is 1.33 +- 0.16 (1.61 +- 0.21) times larger than predicted using the leading LHC-tuned models EPOS-LHC (QGSJetII-04), with a corresponding excess of muons.
Open Access
Licence Attribution (CC BY-NC-SA)
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Publication Details
Journal article
Journal:
Physical review letters
Publisher:
American Physical Society (APS)
ISSN:
10797114
Volume:
117
Pages:
192001-192009
Persistent Identifiers
Funding
Financial Support
Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Gobierno de Argentina
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Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica
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Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
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Australian Research Council
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
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Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo — Grant: 2010/07359-6
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Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia — Grant: MSMT-CR LG15014
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Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia — Grant: LO1305
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Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia — Grant: LM2015038
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Grantová Agentura České Republiky — Grant: 14-17501S
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
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Agence Nationale de la Recherche — Grant: ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02
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Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
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Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
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Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-Württemberg
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Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
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Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica
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Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca
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Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación
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Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología — Grant: 167733
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Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap
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Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
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Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie
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Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju — Grant: ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11
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Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju — Grant: ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11
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Narodowe Centrum Nauki — Grant: 2013/08/M/ST9/00322
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Narodowe Centrum Nauki — Grant: 2013/08/M/ST9/00728
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Narodowe Centrum Nauki — Grant: HARMONIA 5–2013/10/M/ST9/00062
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Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
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Autoritatea Natională pentru Cercetare Stiintifică — Grant: 20/2012
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Autoritatea Natională pentru Cercetare Stiintifică — Grant: 194/2012
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Autoritatea Natională pentru Cercetare Stiintifică — Grant: 1/ASPERA2/2012
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Autoritatea Natională pentru Cercetare Stiintifică — Grant: PN-II-RU-PD-2011-3-0062
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Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS
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U.S. Department of Energy — Grant: DE-AC02-07CH11359
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U.S. Department of Energy — Grant: DE-FR02-04ER41300
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U.S. Department of Energy — Grant: DE-FG02-99ER41107
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U.S. Department of Energy — Grant: DE-SC0011689
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National Science Foundation — Grant: 0450696
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Grainger Foundation
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United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
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Conseil Régional, Île-de-France
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Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza
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Municipalidad de Malargüe
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IN2P
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Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics
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Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren
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Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade
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Space Technology and Advanced Research — Grant: 83/2013
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Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional
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Ministerium für Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen
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References