Testing hadronic-model predictions of depth of maximum of air-shower profiles and ground-particle signals using hybrid data of the Pierre Auger Observatory
Creators
- Abdul Halim, A.1
- Abreu, P.2
- Aglietta, M.3, 4, 5
- Allekotte, I.6
- Almeida Cheminant, K.7
- Almela, A.8, 9
-
Aloisio, R.10, 11, 5
- Alvarez-Muñiz, J.12, 13
- Ammerman Yebra, J.12, 13
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Anastasi, G. A.14, 4, 5
- Anchordoqui, L.15
- Andrada, B.8
- Andringa, S.2
- Apollonio, L.16, 4, 5
- Aramo, C.4, 5
- Araújo Ferreira, P. R.17
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Arnone, E.18, 4, 5
- Arteaga Velázquez, J. C.19
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Assis, P.2
- Avila, G.20
-
Avocone, E.21, 11, 5
- Bakalova, A.22, 23
- Barbato, F.10, 11, 5
- Bartz Mocellin, A.24
- Bellido, J. A.1, 25
- Berat, C.26
- Bertaina, M. E.18, 4, 5
- Bhatta, G.7
- Bianciotto, M.18, 4, 5
- Biermann, P. L.
- Binet, V.27
- Bismark, K.28, 29, 30, 8
-
Bister, T.31, 32
- Biteau, J.33
- Blazek, J.22, 23
- Bleve, C.26
- Blümer, J.28, 29
- Boháčová, M.22, 23
- Boncioli, D.21, 11, 5
- Bonifazi, C.34, 35, 36
- Bonneau Arbeletche, L.37, 38
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Borodai, N.7
- Brack, J.
- Brichetto Orchera, P. G.8
- Briechle, F. L.17
- Bueno, A.39, 40
-
Buitink, S.41
- Buscemi, M.4, 5, 42
-
Büsken, M.28, 29, 30, 8
- Bwembya, A.31, 32
- Caballero-Mora, K. S.43
- Cabana-Freire, S.12, 13
- Caccianiga, L.16, 4, 5
- Campuzano, F.44
- Caruso, R.14, 4, 5
-
Castellina, A.3, 4, 5
- Catalani, F.45, 46
- Cataldi, G.4, 5
-
Cazon, L.12, 13
- Cerda, M.47
- Cermenati, A.10, 11, 5
-
Chinellato, J. A.37, 38
- Chudoba, J.22, 23
- Chytka, L.48
- Clay, R. W.1
- Cobos Cerutti, A. C.44
- Colalillo, R.49, 4, 5
- Coluccia, M. R.4, 5
- Conceição, R.2
- Condorelli, A.33
- Consolati, G.4, 5, 50, 51
- Conte, M.52, 4, 5
- Convenga, F.21, 11, 5
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Correia dos Santos, D.53
- Costa, P. J.2
-
Covault, C. E.54
- Cristinziani, M.55
- Cruz Sanchez, C. S.56
- Dasso, S.57, 58, 59
- Daumiller, K.28, 29
- Dawson, B. R.1
- de Almeida, R. M.53
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de Jesús, J.8, 28, 29
- de Jong, S. J.31, 32
- de Mello Neto, J. R. T.35, 36, 60
- De Mitri, I.10, 11, 5
- de Oliveira, J.61
- de Oliveira Franco, D.4, 5
- de Palma, F.52, 4, 5
- de Souza, V.45, 46
- de Souza de Errico, B. P.35, 36
- De Vito, E.52, 4, 5
- Del Popolo, A.14, 4, 5
- Deligny, O.33
- Denner, N.22, 23
- Deval, L.28, 29, 8
- di Matteo, A.4, 5
- Dobre, M.62
- Dobrigkeit, C.37, 38
- D'Olivo, J. C.63, 64
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Domingues Mendes, L. M.2, 65
- Dorosti, Q.55
- dos Anjos, J. C.65
- dos Anjos, R. C.66, 67
- Ebr, J.22, 23
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Ellwanger, F.28, 29
- Emam, M.31, 32
- Engel, R.28, 29, 30
- Epicoco, I.52, 4, 5
- Erdmann, M.17
- Etchegoyen, A.8, 9
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Evoli, C.10, 11, 5
- Falcke, H.31, 68, 32
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Farrar, G.69
- Fauth, A. C.37, 38
- Fazzini, N.
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- Figueira, J. M.8
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- Fodran, T.31
- Fujii, T.74
- Fuster, A.8, 9
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- García, B.44
- Gaudu, C.75
- Gemmeke, H.28, 29
- Gesualdi, F.8, 28, 29
- Gherghel-Lascu, A.62
- Ghia, P. L.33
- Giaccari, U.4, 5
- Glombitza, J.17
- Gobbi, F.47
- Gollan, F.8
- Golup, G.6
- Gómez Berisso, M.6
- Gómez Vitale, P. F.20
- Gongora, J. P.20
- González, J. M.6
- González, N.8
- Góra, D.7
- Gorgi, A.3, 4, 5
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Gottowik, M.12, 13
- Grubb, T. D.1
- Guarino, F.49, 4, 5
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Guedes, G. P.76
- Guido, E.55
- Gülzow, L.28, 29
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Hahn, S.28, 29, 30
- Hamal, P.22, 23
- Hampel, M. R.8
- Hansen, P.56
- Harari, D.6
- Harvey, V. M.1
- Haungs, A.28, 29
- Hebbeker, T.17
- Hojvat, C.
- Hörandel, J. R.31, 32
- Horvath, P.48
- Hrabovský, M.48
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Huege, T.28, 29, 41
- Insolia, A.14, 4, 5
- Isar, P. G.77
- Janecek, P.22, 23
- Jilek, V.22, 23
- Johnsen, J. A.24
- Jurysek, J.22, 23
- Kampert, K.-H.75
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Keilhauer, B.28, 29
- Khakurdikar, A.31
- Kizakke Covilakam, V. V.8, 28, 29
- Klages, H. O.28, 29
- Kleifges, M.28, 29
- Knapp, F.28, 29, 30
- Köhler, J.28, 29
- Kunka, N.28, 29
-
Lago, B. L.78
- Langner, N.17
- Leigui de Oliveira, M. A.79
- Lema-Capeans, Y.12, 13
- Letessier-Selvon, A.80
- Lhenry-Yvon, I.33
- Lopes, L.2
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Lu, L.81
- Luce, Q.28, 29, 30
- Lundquist, J. P.72
- Machado Payeras, A.37, 38
- Majercakova, M.22, 23
- Mandat, D.22, 23
- Manning, B. C.1
- Mantsch, P.
- Mariani, F. M.16, 4, 5
- Mariazzi, A. G.56
- Mariş, I. C.82, 83
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Marsella, G.42, 4, 5
- Martello, D.52, 4, 5
- Martinelli, S.28, 29, 8
- Martínez Bravo, O.84
- Martins, M. A.12, 13
- Mathes, H.-J.28, 29
- Matthews, J.
- Matthiae, G.85, 4, 5
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Mayotte, E.24, 75
- Mayotte, S.24
- Mazur, P. O.
- Medina-Tanco, G.63, 64
- Meinert, J.75
- Melo, D.8
- Menshikov, A.28, 29
- Merx, C.28, 29
- Michal, S.22, 23
- Micheletti, M. I.27
- Miramonti, L.16, 4, 5
- Mollerach, S.6
- Montanet, F.26
- Morejon, L.75
- Morello, C.3, 4, 5
-
Mulrey, K.31, 32
- Mussa, R.4, 5
- Namasaka, W. M.75
- Negi, S.22, 23
- Nellen, L.63, 64
- Nguyen, K.70
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Nicora, G.86
- Niechciol, M.55
- Nitz, D.70
- Nosek, D.87, 88
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Novotny, V.87, 88
- Nožka, L.48
- Nucita, A.52, 4, 5
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Núñez, L. A.89
- Oliveira, C.45, 46
- Palatka, M.22, 23
- Pallotta, J.86
- Panja, S.22, 23
- Parente, G.12, 13
- Paulsen, T.75
- Pawlowsky, J.75
- Pech, M.22, 23
- Pȩkala, J.7
- Pelayo, R.90, 91
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Pereira, L. A. S.92
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Pereira Martins, E. E.28, 29, 30, 8
- Perez Armand, J.45, 46
- Pérez Bertolli, C.8, 28, 29
- Perrone, L.52, 4, 5
- Petrera, S.10, 11, 5
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Petrucci, C.21, 11, 5
- Pierog, T.28, 29
- Pimenta, M.2
- Platino, M.8
- Pont, B.31
- Pothast, M.32, 31
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Pourmohammad Shahvar, M.42, 4, 5
- Privitera, P.74
- Prouza, M.22, 23
- Querchfeld, S.75
- Rautenberg, J.75
- Ravignani, D.8
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Reginatto Akim, J. V.37, 38
- Reininghaus, M.28, 29, 30
- Ridky, J.22, 23
- Riehn, F.12, 13
- Risse, M.55
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Rizi, V.21, 11, 5
- Rodrigues de Carvalho, W.31
- Rodriguez, E.8, 28, 29
- Rodriguez Rojo, J.20
- Roncoroni, M. J.8
- Rossoni, S.93, 94
- Roth, M.28, 29
- Roulet, E.6
- Rovero, A. C.57
- Ruehl, P.55
- Saftoiu, A.62
- Saharan, M.31
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Salamida, F.21, 11, 5
- Salazar, H.84
- Salina, G.4, 5
- Sanabria Gomez, J. D.89
- Sánchez, F.8
- Santos, E. M.45, 46
- Santos, E.22, 23
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Sarazin, F.24
- Sarmento, R.2
- Sato, R.20
- Savina, P.81
- Schäfer, C. M.28, 29, 30
- Scherini, V.52, 4, 5
- Schieler, H.28, 29
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- Schimp, M.75
- Schmidt, D.28, 29
- Scholten, O.41
- Schoorlemmer, H.31, 32
- Schovánek, P.22, 23
- Schröder, F. G.73, 28, 29
- Schulte, J.17
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Schulz, T.28, 29
- Sciutto, S. J.56
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Scornavacche, M.8, 28, 29
- Sedoski, A.8
- Segreto, A.95, 4, 5
- Sehgal, S.75
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Shivashankara, S. U.72
- Sigl, G.93, 94
- Silli, G.8
- Sima, O.62
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Simkova, K.41
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Simon, F.28, 29
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Smau, R.62
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Šmída, R.74
- Sommers, P.
- Soriano, J. F.15
- Squartini, R.47
- Stadelmaier, M.4, 5, 16, 28, 29
- Stanič, S.72
- Stasielak, J.7
- Stassi, P.26
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- Suomijärvi, T.33
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- Svozilikova, Z.22, 23
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Tkachenko, O.28, 29
- Tobiska, P.22, 23
- Todero Peixoto, C. J.45, 46
- Tomé, B.2
- Torrès, Z.26
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- Travnicek, P.22, 23
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- Tueros, M.56
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Unger, M.28, 29
- Vaclavek, L.48
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- Wittkowski, D.75
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- and 360 more
- 1. University of Adelaide
- 2. Universidade de Lisboa—UL
- 3. Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF)
- 4. INFN
- 5. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
- 6. Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET)
- 7. Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN
- 8. Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM)
- 9. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Buenos Aires
- 10. Gran Sasso Science Institute
- 11. INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso
- 12. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 13. University of Santiago de Compostela
- 14. Università di Catania
- 15. City University of New York
- 16. Università di Milano
- 17. RWTH Aachen University
- 18. Università Torino
- 19. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo
- 20. Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica
- 21. Università dell'Aquila
- 22. Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 23. Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 24. Colorado School of Mines
- 25. Universidad Nacional de San Agustin de Arequipa
- 26. Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- 27. Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR)—CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas U.N.R.
- 28. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 29. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 30. Institute for Experimental Particle Physics
- 31. Radboud University Nijmegen
- 32. Nationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge Energie Fysica (NIKHEF)
- 33. Université Paris-Saclay
- 34. International Center of Advanced Studies and Instituto de Ciencias Físicas
- 35. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- 36. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- 37. Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)
- 38. State University of Campinas
- 39. Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E.
- 40. University of Granada
- 41. Vrije Universiteit Brussels
- 42. Università di Palermo
- 43. Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas
- 44. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA)
- 45. Universidade de São Paulo
- 46. University of São Paulo
- 47. Observatorio Pierre Auger
- 48. Palacky University
- 49. Università di Napoli "Federico II"
- 50. Politecnico di Milano
- 51. Polytechnic University of Milan
- 52. Università del Salento
- 53. Universidade Federal Fluminense
- 54. Case Western Reserve University
- 55. Universität Siegen
- 56. Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET
- 57. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA)
- 58. Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET
- 59. University of Buenos Aires
- 60. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)
- 61. Instituto Federal de Educação
- 62. "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering
- 63. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- 64. National Autonomous University of Mexico
- 65. Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas
- 66. Universidade Federal do Paraná
- 67. Federal University of Paraná
- 68. Stichting Astronomisch Onderzoek in Nederland (ASTRON)
- 69. New York University
- 70. Michigan Technological University
- 71. J. Stefan Institute
- 72. University of Nova Gorica
- 73. University of Delaware
- 74. University of Chicago
- 75. Bergische Universität Wuppertal
- 76. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana
- 77. Institute of Space Science
- 78. Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca
- 79. Universidade Federal do ABC
- 80. Sorbonne Université
- 81. University of Wisconsin-Madison
- 82. Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
- 83. Université libre de Bruxelles
- 84. Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
- 85. Università di Roma "Tor Vergata"
- 86. Laboratorio Atmósfera—Departamento de Investigaciones en Láseres y sus Aplicaciones—UNIDEF (CITEDEF-CONICET)
- 87. Charles University
- 88. Charles University in Prague
- 89. Universidad Industrial de Santander
- 90. Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIITA-IPN)
- 91. Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- 92. Universidade Federal de Campina Grande
- 93. Universität Hamburg
- 94. University of Hamburg
- 95. Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF)
- 96. University of Łódź
- 97. Universidad de Medellín
- 98. Universiteit van Amsterdam
- 99. University of Amsterdam
Description
We test the predictions of hadronic interaction models regarding the depth of maximum of air-shower profiles, Xmax, and ground-particle signals in water-Cherenkov detectors at 1000 m from the shower core, S(1000), using the data from the fluorescence and surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The test consists of fitting the measured two-dimensional (S(1000), Xmax) distributions using templates for simulated air showers produced with hadronic interaction models pos-, et--04, 2.3d and leaving the scales of predicted Xmax and the signals from hadronic component at ground as free-fit parameters. The method relies on the assumption that the mass composition remains the same at all zenith angles, while the longitudinal shower development and attenuation of ground signal depend on the mass composition in a correlated way. The analysis was applied to 2239 events detected by both the fluorescence and surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory with energies between 1018.5 eV to 1019.0 eV and zenith angles below 60°. We found, that within the assumptions of the method, the best description of the data is achieved if the predictions of the hadronic interaction models are shifted to deeper Xmax values and larger hadronic signals at all zenith angles. Given the magnitude of the shifts and the data sample size, the statistical significance of the improvement of data description using the modifications considered in the paper is larger than 5σ even for any linear combination of experimental systematic uncertainties.
Published by the American Physical Society
2024
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DOI
10.1103/physrevd.109.102001
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Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica
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Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica
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Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
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Australian Research Council
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Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
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Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
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Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações
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Grantová Agentura České Republiky — Grant: CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/17_049/0008422
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Grantová Agentura České Republiky — Grant: CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004632
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Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
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Conseil Régional, Île-de-France
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Institut Lagrange de Paris — Grant: LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63
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Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
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Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
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Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics
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Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft
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Ministerium für Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen
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Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung
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Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-Württemberg
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Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
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Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica
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Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca
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Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale
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Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
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Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation — Grant: DIR/WK/2018/11
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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation — Grant: 2022/WK/12
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Narodowe Centrum Nauki — Grant: 2016/22/M/ST9/00198
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Narodowe Centrum Nauki — Grant: 2016/23/B/ST9/01635
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Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
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Ministerul Cercetării, Inovării şi Digitalizării
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Corporation for National and Community Service
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Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS — Grant: P1-0031
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Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS — Grant: I0-0033
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Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS — Grant: N1-0111
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Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad — Grant: FPA2017-85114-P
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Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad — Grant: PID2019–104676GB-C32
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Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, Xunta de Galicia — Grant: ED431C 2017/07
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Junta de Andalucía — Grant: SOMM17/6104/UGR
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Junta de Andalucía — Grant: P18-FR-4314
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U.S. Department of Energy — Grant: DE-AC02-07CH11359
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U.S. Department of Energy — Grant: DE-FR02-04ER41300
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U.S. Department of Energy — Grant: DE-FG02-99ER41107
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U.S. Department of Energy — Grant: DE-SC0011689
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National Science Foundation — Grant: 0450696
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National Science Foundation — Grant: 0450696
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Grainger Foundation
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Marie Curie
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United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
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Université Paris-Saclay
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Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii — Grant: 30N/2023
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Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii — Grant: PN 23 21 01 02
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Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii — Grant: PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-0924/TE57/2022
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Département Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire
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Investissements d'Avenir Programme — Grant: ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02
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Finanzministerium Baden-Württemberg
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Red Nacional Temática de Astropartículas — Grant: FPA2015-68783-REDT
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María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence — Grant: MDM-2016-0692
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European Particle Physics Latin American Network
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References