Groundwater quality monitoring network for Jinan Karst spring catchment, China

Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution in Jinan Karst spring catchment shows that Karst groundwater aquifers are very vulnerable to contamination. Based on the vulnerability map, groundwater recharge and discharge characteristics, and the present groundwater quality monitoring wells, an integrated groundwater quality monitoring network is designed. The network consists of 53 monitoring sites, of which 6 for joint surface-groundwater monitoring, 8 for joint Quaternary-Karst aquifers monitoring, one for fracture rock aquifer monitoring, 26 for regional Karst groundwater monitoring, 4 for spring discharges monitoring, and 6 for well fields monitoring. Sampling frequency should be increased to 4 times per year for surface water, spring discharge and well fields monitoring, 2 times per year for others.